How much extractive economic activity can the earth support?

Economic activity starts by extracting something from the environment…

To understand this conclusion, work backwards from any final consumer product, be it physical or intellectual: plastic toy <- molded from resin <- chemical transformation of petrochemicals <- drilled/extracted from environment; book <- printed on paper <- made from wood pulp <- from trees cut from environment; meal at a local restaurant <- made with ingredients from local supplier/distributor <- grown by farmers who extract their products directly (plants) or indirectly (animals) from their environment… this is true for all products in the economy.

So how much exists to be extracted and what happens when we reach the limits?